Failure Analysis

Materials fail for different reasons, but they fracture by four principal modes: fatigue, cleavage, dimple rupture, and decohesive rupture. Each of these modes has its own characteristic fracture appearance.

1. 疲劳骨折是重复载荷的结果。裂缝在阶段I中引发，在阶段II中传播，并达到灾难性的骨折，包括在第III期分离。通常在高循环疲劳方面观察到垂直于裂纹传播方向的疲劳纹条件。
2. 乳沟是一种低能量骨折，完全平坦，无特色。河流模式，羽毛标记和雪佛龙模式是裂缝中观察到的一些特征。
3. Dimple rupture is the mode of fracture when an overload is the principal cause of failure. Microvoid coalescence is the characteristic feature observed in dimple rupture.
4. Decohesive rupture occurs with little plastic deformation and involves weakening of the atomic bonds. Hydrogen embrittlement, stress corrosion cracking, and creep are some of the examples of decohesive rupture.

元素的订阅专家团队采用各种方面的地形试验方法来确定零件，产品和工程结构的失效原因。

材料的组成对它的一切 - 它持续多长时间，它是多么强烈或灵活，如何包装等。调查化学是基于材料问题可以通过检查过程，组分和所涉及的化学反应来回答材料问题。乐动娱乐官网

Element’s investigative chemists possess a unique range of experience in consulting, analytical testing, and industrial chemistry. Whether routine QA/QC assistance, material verification, or elemental analysis—or nonroutine projects such as product deformulation, identification of unknown materials, or the analysis of a failed part or product—we are prepared to work with you to explore solutions. Element serves the testing needs of all types of industries and government agencies.

元素使用以下技术和现场专用设备执行测试和评估：

• 傅里叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）
• 能量分散X射线光谱（EDS）
• 气相色谱/质量选择性检测（GC / MSD）
• Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
• Optical Emission Spectrometry (OES)
• Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)

神秘的污渍或沉闷，身份不明的残留物或沉积物，或者在部分表面上的腐蚀的证据 - 这些往往难以解决的问题且昂贵的问题。

Element residue analysis experts are trained in techniques that can help you determine the nature of the beast and get to the bottom of unknown substances that can have a detrimental effect on your parts or products. Our Engaged Experts use a combination of analysis techniques to characterize various types of residues. SEM/EDS (Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy) analysis is used to determine the elemental composition of the residue, with XRD (X-Ray Diffraction) sometimes used to identify specific compounds present. FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy) is also sometimes used when residues appear to exhibit high levels of carbon or other low energy elements, or are too thin to accurately analyze with the SEM/EDS system.

W.母鸡需要或需要更深入的分析，立体镜检查，SEM分析和冶金检查的组合用于表征残留物，如表面（沉积物或污渍）或在表面下方（腐蚀产品或包含在材料内）。

Polymeric materials such as elastomers, thermoplastics, composites are widely used in oilfield equipment deployed by the Oil & Gas majors across the world.

在弹性体（橡胶）密封件的情况下，在侵蚀性处理化学品和/或升高的温度和压力中的曝光可以化学和/或机械地降解部件，导致组件的不可逆变化，性能劣化和最终功能失效。该因此，挑战是确定失败的根本原因，从而可以实施预防和纠正措施，以确保它不会再发生。在全球石油和天然气部门拥有超过100年的经验，元素具有显着的故障分析经验，无论是在上游，中游或下游应用中都使用的非金属组分。元素已参与提供失败分析服务：

• Pumps and valves (ball, butterfly, pressure relief, bonnet, flow control)
• Hoses (bunker, choke/kill, sampling, diesel & potable water transfer, umbilical)
• Drilling and production equipment (compressors, plate heat exchangers, packers, BOP,sub seaand surface test trees, liner hangers, well tractors, swivels)
• 天然气和化学加工管道（涂料，衬里）
• Miscellaneous (vent plug, burst disc, pulsation dampener, hammer lug union, pig trap door, dump pit liner,harbor挡泥板，法兰垫圈）

Our proven failure analysis approach is to develop a thorough understanding of the failed component’s service environment by working with our clients to gather relevant data from the field, such as

• 组件位置和功能（工程图纸）
• Material type and grade (data sheet, part label)
• 服务条件（流体，温度，压力，持续时间）
• 设计条件(温度、压力、静态/ dynamic)
• Previous issues with this or similar components

我们的尝试和测试的故障分析技术包括：

• Forensic inspection and cataloging of the damaged component (microscopes, SEM)
• 组件测量（尺寸）
• Material characterization (hardness, density, mechanical)
• 材料/流体型分析（FTIR，NMR，GC-MS，TGA，DSC，XRD）
• 材料流体兼容性评估（流体曝光容器;烤箱）
• Machining to facilitate inspection and extract test specimens (lathes, saws, CNC)

法律和保险公司需要专家证人提供高度服务，精密和专业知识的证据。通过我们的参与专家团队，元素为各种行业提供材料科学和工程诉讼服务，包括航空航天，产品制造，生物医学和医疗乐动娱乐官网设备，汽车，石油和天然气，建筑等等。

元素科学家和工程师拥有多年的经验，高级度和认证，包括材料科学与工程，机械工程，化学工程，聚合物科学，冶金工程，焊接和腐蚀。乐动体育软件最新版乐动娱乐官网为了支持我们的法律和保险调查，我们的实验室使用高度先进的分析仪器，如最先进的扫描电子显微镜（SEM），配备了超薄窗口能量分散X射线光谱（EDS）系统，差示扫描量热法(DSC), and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) for molecular analysis.We have established chain-of-evidence procedures and locked legal storage to properly handle evidence in accordance with established standards (e.g., ASTM standard practices E860, E1188, and E1492).

W.e specialize in:

• Detecting defects or evidence of abuse
• 确定材料的物理，机械或化学性质乐动娱乐官网
• 协助代位索赔
• 开发精确证据分析协议
• 确定规范合规性
• Evaluating patent infringement
• 回应Daubert挑战
• Delivering detailed and convincing deposition and trial testimony
• Advanced instrumentation and qualified expertise

W.e serve individual or groups of legal and insurance customers, including joint plaintiff and defendant investigations for litigating parties. Our engineers also coordinate testing with other outside engineering expert, testing, and support firms.